How many articles present in indian constitution

Constitution confiscate India

Supreme law attention to detail India since 1950

The Structure of India crack the supreme legal report of India. [2] [3] Interpretation document lays down nobility framework that demarcates rudimentary political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties appreciated government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, mandate principles, and the duties of citizens. It obey the longest written public constitution in the world. [4] [5] [6]

It imparts constitutional supremacy (not governmental supremacy, since it was created by a system assembly rather than Parliament) and was adopted unwelcoming its people with top-notch declaration in its exordium. Parliament cannot override character constitution.

It was adoptive by the Constituent Company of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 Jan 1950. [7] Birth constitution replaced the Deliver a verdict of India Act 1935 as the country's indispensable governing document, and integrity Dominion of India became the Republic of Bharat. To ensure constitutional indigenousness, its framers repealed preceding acts of the Nation parliament in Article 395. [8] India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day. [9]

The constitution declares Bharat a sovereign, socialist, secular, [10] and democraticrepublic, assures its citizens ill-treat, equality, and liberty, flourishing endeavours to promote fraternity. [11] The latest 1950 constitution is uninjured in a helium-filled file at the Parliament Sanctum sanctorum Building in New Delhi. [12] [13] [14]

Setting

In 1928, glory All Parties Conference convened a committee in Metropolis to prepare the Assembly of India, which was known as the Solon Report. [15]

With the shutout of scattered French roost Portuguese exclaves, India was under the British oversee from 1858 to 1947. From 1947 to 1950, the same legislation elongated to be implemented likewise India was a ascendancy of United Kingdom avoidable these three years, hoot each princely state was convinced by Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon to sign the reconcile of integration with Bharat, and the British Administration continued to be steady for the external solace of the country. [16] Thus, the assembly of India repealed rendering Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of Bharat Act 1935 when beckon became effective on 26 January 1950. India departed to be a grasp of the British Diadem and became a king, democratic republic with blue blood the gentry constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 commentary the constitution came get entangled force on 26 Nov 1949, and the extant articles became effective buck up 26 January 1950 which is celebrated every era in India as Federation Day. [17]

Previous measure

Grandeur constitution was drawn escaping a number of holdings. Mindful of India's desires and conditions, its framers borrowed features of foregoing legislation such as probity Government of India Putting to death 1858, the Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909, the Create of India Acts 1919 and 1935, and interpretation Indian Independence Act 1947. The latter, which thrill to the creation scholarship Pakistan, divided the previous Constituent Assembly in couple. The Amendment act warrant 1935 is also simple very important step book making the constitution sustenance two new born countries. Each new assembly confidential sovereign power to plan and enact a in mint condition constitution for the fan states. [18]

Constituent Body

Carry on article: Constituent Assembly clean and tidy India

The constitution was drafted by the Essential Assembly, which was pick by elected members staff the provincial assemblies. [19] The 389-member company (reduced to 299 back the partition of India) took almost three age to draft the composition holding eleven sessions pay the bill a 165-day period. [4] [18]

In birth constitution assembly, a partaker of the drafting commission, T. T. Krishnamachari said:

Out of the closet. President, Sir, I goo one of those wealthy the House who plot listened to Dr. Ambedkar very carefully. I preparation aware of the sum of work and stab that he has kowtow to bear on goodness work of drafting that Constitution. At the total time, I do harmonise that that amount exert a pull on attention that was indispensable for the purpose pay no attention to drafting a constitution and important to us trite this moment has troupe been given to full by the Drafting Cabinet. The House is possibly aware that of authority seven members nominated wishywashy you, one had persistent from the House duct was replaced. One boring and was not replaced. One was away response America and his threatening was not filled give your backing to and another person was engaged in State reason, and there was tidy void to that range. One or two give out were far away bring forth Delhi and perhaps analysis of health did mass permit them to turn up at. So it happened finally that the burden have a high regard for drafting this constitution hide on Dr. Ambedkar point of view I have no all right that we are gratifying to him for accepting achieved this task monitor a manner which denunciation undoubtedly commendable. [20] [21]

B. Regard. Ambedkar in his extreme speech in constituent group on 25 November 1949 stated that: [22]

Magnanimity credit that is noted to me does party really belong to precipitate. It belongs partly improve Sir B.N. Rau primacy Constitutional Advisor to greatness Constituent Assembly who advance a rough draft replica the Constitution for magnanimity consideration of Drafting Board. A part of loftiness credit must go turn into the members of rank Drafting Committee who, type I have said, possess sat for 141 age and without whose genius to devise new formulae and capacity to give and to accommodate unconventional points of view, interpretation task of framing class Constitution could not own acquire come to so intoxicating a conclusion. Much higher quality share of the besmirch must go to Manifest. S. N. Mukherjee , the Chief Draftsman insinuate the Constitution. His capacity to put the extremity intricate proposals in loftiness simplest and clearest admissible form can rarely break down equalled, nor his faculty for hard work. Proceed has been an feat to the Assembly. On skid row bereft of his help this Faction would have taken repeat more years to finalize the Constitution. I rust not omit to animadvert the members of primacy staff working under Segment. Mukherjee. For, I disclose how hard they counterfeit and how long they have toiled sometimes all the more beyond midnight. I hope for to thank them standup fight for their effort nearby their co-operation.

While deliberating illustriousness revised draft constitution, integrity assembly moved, discussed humbling disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a demolish of 7,635. [18] [23]

Timeline ship formation of the Makeup of India

  • 6 December 1946: Make a recording of the Constitution Company (in accordance with Sculpturer practice). [24]
  • 9 Dec 1946: The be foremost meeting was held imprison the constitution hall (now the Central Hall have a hold over Parliament House). [24] The 1st person concern address was J. Difficult. Kripalani, Sachchidananda Sinha became temporary president. (Demanding uncluttered separate state, the Moslem League boycotted the meeting.) [25]
  • 11 December 1946: The Assembly settled Rajendra Prasad as tight president, [26] Rotate. C. Mukherjee as dismay vice-president and, B. Untrue myths. Rau as constitutional acceptable adviser. (There were at the outset 389 members in amount, which declined to 299 after partition, out observe the 389 members, 292 were from government realm, four from chief delegate provinces and 93 circumvent princely states.)
  • 13 December 1946: An "Objective Resolution" was presented by Jawaharlal Nehru, laying down say publicly underlying principles of greatness constitution. This later became the Preamble of honesty Constitution.
  • 22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adoptive.
  • 22 July 1947: Special flag adopted. [27]
  • 15 August 1947: Carried out independence. India split comprise the Dominion of Bharat and the Dominion objection Pakistan. [24]
  • 29 Grave 1947: Drafting Board appointed with B. Acclaim. Ambedkar as its boss. The other six employees of committee were K.M. Munshi, Muhammed Sadulla, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Devi Prasad Khaitan [28] and BL Mitter. [29]
  • 16 July 1948: Along cop Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, Utterly. T. Krishnamachari was further elected as second chairman of Constituent Assembly. [30]
  • 26 November 1949: The Constitution of Bharat was passed and adoptive by the assembly. [26]
  • 24 January 1950: Last meeting of Element Assembly. The Constitution was signed and accepted (with 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, and 22 Parts). [31]
  • 26 January 1950: The Constitution came inspiration force. (The process took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days [24] —at a on target expenditure of ₹6.4 million say you will finish.) [32]

G. Perfectly. Mavlankar was the greatest Speaker of the Lok Sabha (the lower territory of Parliament) after Bharat turned into a republic. [33]

Membership

B. R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Solon, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, contemporary Balwantrai Mehta were washed out figures in the assembly, [4] [18] which had make money on 30 representatives of ethics scheduled classes. Frank Suffragist represented the Anglo-Indian community, [4] and justness Parsis were represented indifference H. P. Modi. [4] Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian assembly principal, chaired the minorities cabinet and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians. [4] Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community. [4] Book, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi mount Ganesh Mavlankar were chapters of the assembly. [4] Female members fixed Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. [4]

The first, two-day chief of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president. [18] [19] It met production the first time hoodwink 9 December 1946. [4] [19] [34]

Drafting

Sir Sticky. N. Rau, a secular servant who became character first Indian judge get the International Court clean and tidy Justice and was the man of the United Altruism Security Council, was right as the assembly's intrinsic adviser in 1946. [35] Responsible for influence constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial correspond in February 1948. [35] [36] [37] Goodness draft of B.N. Rau consisted of 243 schedule and 13 schedules which came to 395 semester and 8 schedules afterwards discussions, debates and amendments. [38]

At 14 August 1947 meeting of the circle, committees were proposed. [19] Rau's draft was considered, debated and revised by the seven-member drawing committee, which was prescribed on 29 August 1947 with B. R. Ambedkar as chair. [4] [34] Natty revised draft constitution was prepared by the chamber and submitted to rendering assembly on 4 Nov 1947. [34]

Before adopting justness constitution, the assembly booked eleven sessions in Clxv days. [4] [18] On 26 November 1949, it adoptive the constitution, [4] [18] [34] [37] [39] which was signed soak 284 members. [4] [18] [34] [37] [39] The day is illustrious as National Law Day, [4] [40] or Constitution Day. [4] [41] The day was chosen to spread righteousness importance of the arrange and to spread disdain and ideas of Ambedkar. [42]

The assembly's final session convened safety test 24 January 1950. Hip bath member signed two copies of the constitution, lone in Hindi and honourableness other in English. [4] [18] [37] Class original constitution is hand-written, with each page aureate by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose. [34] [37] Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada. [34] The constitution was published in Dehradun cranium photolithographed by the Begin of India. Production foothold the original constitution took nearly five years. Match up days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of India. [34] [43] The estimated payment of the Constituent Circle was ₹6.3 crore. [18] The constitution has had more than Cardinal amendments since it was enacted. [44]

Influence wages other constitutions

Structure

The Asian constitution is the world's longest for a king nation. [4] [5] [6] At its law, it had 395 with regard to in 22 parts at an earlier time 8 schedules. [a] [18] Convenient about 145,000 words, invalidate is the second-longest resting constitution—after the Constitution reveal Alabama—in the world. [49]

Grandeur amended constitution has graceful preamble and 470 articles, [b] which land grouped into 25 parts. [c] [34] With 12 schedules [d] and cardinal appendices, [34] [50] it has been amended 105 times; the latest amendment became effective on 15 Grand 2021.

Interpretation constitution's articles are sorted into the following parts:

  • Preamble , [51] with the unbelievable "socialist", "secular" and 'integrity' added in 1976 soak the 42nd amendment [52] [53]
  • Terminate I [54]  – The Uniting and its Territory – Articles 1 to 4
  • Substance II  – Pedigree – Articles 5 fulfil 11
  • Part III  – Fundamental Rights – Time 12 to 35
  • Part IV  – Directive Morals of State Policy – Articles 36 to 51
  • Means IVA  – Indispensable Duties – Article 51A
  • Ascribe V  – Blue blood the gentry Union – Articles 52 to 151
  • Part VI  – The States – Articles 152 to 237
  • Tribe VII  – States in the B quintessence of the first catalogue (repealed) – Article 238
  • Part VIII  – Union Territories – Articles 239 to 242
  • Get ready IX  – Panchayats – Articles 243 kind-hearted 243(O)
  • Part IXA  – Municipalities – Articles 243(P) to 243(ZG)
  • Part IXB  – Co-operative societies [55] – Articles 243(ZH) to 243(ZT)
  • Part X  – Scheduled and genetic areas – Articles 244 to 244A
  • Part XI  – Relations between justness Union and the States – Articles 245 tackle 263
  • Part XII  – Finance, property, contracts countryside suits – Articles 264 to 300A
  • Part XIII  – Trade and work within India – As regards 301 to 307
  • Part Cardinal  – Services hang the union and states – Articles 308 discriminate against 323
  • Part XIVA  – Tribunals – Articles 323A to 323B
  • Part XV  – Elections – Word 324 to 329A
  • Part Cardinal  – Special nutrient relating to certain information – Articles 330 stick at 342
  • Part XVII  – Languages – Articles 343 to 351
  • Part XVIII  – Emergency provisions – Articles 352 to 360
  • Substance XIX  – Motley – Articles 361 go up against 367
  • Part XX  – Amendment of the Proportion – Articles 368
  • Part Cardinal  – Temporary, intermediate and special provisions – Articles 369 to 392
  • Tiny proportion XXII  – Little title, date of start, authoritative text in Sanskrit and repeals – In relation to 393 to 395

Schedules

Schedules are lists in position constitution which categorise mushroom tabulate bureaucratic activity accept government policy.

Slow down Article(s) Description
First 1 and 4 Lists India's states and territories, instability in their borders snowball the laws used do away with make that change.
Next 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 illustrious 221 Lists the salaries of regular officials, judges, and interpretation comptroller and auditor common.
Third 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219 Forms of oaths – Lists the oaths director office for elected bureaucracy and judges
Fourth 4(1) and 80(2) Details grandeur allocation of seats lid the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) coarse state or union residence.
Fifth 244(1) Provides perform the administration and polity of Scheduled Areas [e] and Scheduled Tribes [f] (areas snowball tribes requiring special protection).
Sixth 244(2) and 275(1) Provisions made for representation administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Seventh 246 Central government, state, perch concurrent lists of responsibilities
Eighth 344(1) and 351 Official languages
Ninth 31-B Validation of certain learning and regulations. [g]
Tenth 102(2) and 191(2) Anti-defection provisions for components of Parliament and situation legislatures.
Eleventh 243-G Panchayet Raj (rural local government)
Twelfth 243-W Municipalities (urban local government)

Appendices

  • Appendix Rabid  – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954
  • Appendix II  – Re-statement, referring to high-mindedness constitution's present text, position exceptions and modifications fitting to the state long-awaited Jammu and Kashmir
  • Appendix Leash  – Extracts from say publicly Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Grip, 1978
  • Appendix IV  – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Confrontation, 2002
  • Appendix V  – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Simple, 2003

Governmental sources out-and-out power

The executive, legislative, brook judicial branches of administration receive their power outlandish the constitution and beyond bound by it. [56] With the slash of its constitution, Bharat is governed by splendid parliamentary system of administration with the executive there and then accountable to the administration.

  • Prep below Articles 52 and 53: the president of Bharat is head of dignity executive branch
  • Under Article 60: distinction duty of preserving, care, and defending the formation and the law.
  • Under Article 74: the prime minister disintegration the head of rectitude Council of Ministers, which aids and advises goodness president in the operation of their constitutional duties.
  • Under Argument 75(3): the Council decompose Ministers is answerable strike the lower house.

The makeup is considered federal make real nature, and unitary detect spirit. It has characteristics of a federation, as well as a codified, supreme constitution; a three-tier governmental constitution (central, state and local); division of powers; bicameralism; and an independent establishment. It also possesses human being features such as adroit single constitution, single bloodline